Sas 9.2 Software License Crack
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SAS (previously \"Statistical Analysis System\")[1] is a statistical software suite developed by SAS Institute for data management, advanced analytics, multivariate analysis, business intelligence, criminal investigation,[2] and predictive analytics.
SAS is a software suite that can mine, alter, manage and retrieve data from a variety of sources and perform statistical analysis on it.[3] SAS provides a graphical point-and-click user interface for non-technical users and more through the SAS language.[3]
The DATA step has executable statements that result in the software taking an action, and declarative statements that provide instructions to read a data set or alter the data's appearance.[4] The DATA step has two phases: compilation and execution. In the compilation phase, declarative statements are processed and syntax errors are identified. Afterwards, the execution phase processes each executable statement sequentially.[6] Data sets are organized into tables with rows called \"observations\" and columns called \"variables\". Additionally, each piece of data has a descriptor and a value.[4][7]
The development of SAS began in 1966 after North Carolina State University re-hired Anthony Barr[15] to program his analysis of variance and regression software so that it would run on IBM System/360 computers.[16] The project was funded by the National Institutes of Health.[17] and was originally intended to analyze agricultural data[12][18] to improve crop yields.[19] Barr was joined by student James Goodnight, who developed the software's statistical routines, and the two became project leaders.[15][16][20] In 1968, Barr and Goodnight integrated new multiple regression and analysis of variance routines.[21][22] In 1972, after issuing the first release of SAS, the project lost its funding.[17] According to Goodnight, this was because NIH only wanted to fund projects with medical applications.[23] Goodnight continued teaching at the university for a salary of $1 and access to mainframe computers for use with the project,[17] until it was funded by the University Statisticians of the Southern Experiment Stations the following year.[16][23] John Sall joined the project in 1973 and contributed to the software's econometrics, time series, and matrix algebra. Another early participant, Caroll G. Perkins, contributed to SAS' early programming. Jolayne W. Service and Jane T. Helwig created SAS' first documentation.[21]
SAS version 4 had limited features, but made SAS more accessible. Version 5 introduced a complete macro language, array subscripts, and a full-screen interactive user interface called Display Manager.[24] In 1985, SAS was rewritten in the C programming language. This allowed for the SAS' Multivendor Architecture that allows the software to run on UNIX, MS-DOS, and Windows. It was previously written in PL/I, Fortran, and assembly language.[20][24]
In 2002, the Text Miner software was introduced. Text Miner analyzes text data like emails for patterns in business intelligence applications.[40] In 2004, SAS Version 9.0 was released, which was dubbed \"Project Mercury\" and was designed to make SAS accessible to a broader range of business users.[41][42] Version 9.0 added custom user interfaces based on the user's role and established the point-and-click user interface of SAS Enterprise Guide as the software's primary graphical user interface (GUI).[41] The Customer Relationship Management (CRM) features were improved in 2004 with SAS Interaction Management.[43] In 2008 SAS announced Project Unity, designed to integrate data quality, data integration and master data management.[44]
A free version was introduced for students in 2010.[47] SAS Social Media Analytics, a tool for social media monitoring, engagement and sentiment analysis, was also released that year.[48][49] SAS Rapid Predictive Modeler (RPM), which creates basic analytical models using Microsoft Excel, was introduced that same year.[49][50] JMP 9 in 2010 added a new interface for using the R programming language from JMP and an add-in for Excel.[51][52] The following year, a High Performance Computing appliance was made available in a partnership with Teradata and EMC Greenplum.[53][54] In 2011, the company released Enterprise Miner 7.1.[55] The company introduced 27 data management products from October 2013 to October 2014 and updates to 160 others.[56] At the 2015 SAS Global Forum, it announced several new products that were specialized for different industries, as well as new training software.[57]
SAS' products for monitoring and managing the operations of IT systems are collectively referred to as SAS IT Management Solutions.[67] SAS collects data from various IT assets on performance and utilization, then creates reports and analyses.[68] SAS' Performance Management products consolidate and provide graphical displays for key performance indicators (KPIs) at the employee, department and organizational level.[69][70] The SAS Supply Chain Intelligence product suite is offered for supply chain needs, such as forecasting product demand, managing distribution and inventory and optimizing pricing.[71] There is also a \"SAS for Sustainability Management\" set of software to forecast environmental, social and economic effects and identify causal relationships between operations and an impact on the environment or ecosystem.[72]
According to IDC, SAS is the largest market-share holder in \"advanced analytics\" with 35.4 percent of the market as of 2013.[81] It is the fifth largest market-share holder for business intelligence (BI) software with a 6.9% share[82] and the largest independent vendor. It competes in the BI market against conglomerates, such as SAP BusinessObjects, IBM Cognos, SPSS Modeler, Oracle Hyperion, and Microsoft Power BI.[83] SAS has been named in the Gartner Leader's Quadrant for Data Integration Tool and for Business Intelligence and Analytical Platforms.[84]A study published in 2011 in BMC Health Services Research found that SAS was used in 42.6 percent of data analyses in health service research, based on a sample of 1,139 articles drawn from three journals.[85]
The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of the crack of a cracked tooth on an artificial simulation model with Periapical Radiography (PR) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in vitro, providing the basis for early diagnosis and an appropriate treatment plan.
Forty-four teeth with different extents of artificial cracks, created by exposure to liquid nitrogen after hot water at 100C, were collected. They were subjected to PR and CBCT. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) examination, regarded as a relatively more accurate measurement than others, was used to measure and record the crack depth. Three observers, an endodontic graduate student, an experienced endodontist, and an experienced radiologist, examined the PR and CBCT results independently, and the presence or absence of cracks with PR and CBCT were respectively recorded. The external consistency ICC with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to analyze the consistency among the graduate student, endodontist, and radiologist; ROC curves were used for the analysis of diagnostic performance of both radiographic modalities for tooth cracks with crack depth.
Within the limitations of this study, on an artificial simulation model of cracked teeth for early diagnosis, we recommend that it would be better for a cracked tooth to be diagnosed by a radiologist with CBCT than PR, CBCT with a minimum depth of 1.24 mm.
Tooth cracks have become the third largest cause of tooth loss after dental caries and periodontal disease [1]. Early enamel cracks have no obvious symptoms, and patients often fail to see a dentist. Most patients with cracks who do see a dentist do so whilst suffering because of pulpitis and periapical periodontitis, or even root fracture [2]. This creates a great challenge for designing an appropriate treatment plan and assessing the long-term prognosis for cracked teeth [3]. Kim [4] studied 72 cracked teeth, and different treatment plans were undertaken based on their differing clinical symptoms. Tooth cracks exhibit these different clinical symptoms as a function of depth; when the crack is only in the enamel or superficial dentin, the teeth may be asymptomatic, or exhibit only dentin hypersensitivity to cold, sweet, and sour stimuli. If there is dental pulpitis or periapical periodontitis, however, the crack may have reached to the deep dentin layers or invaded the pulp cavity. Michaelson [5] reported 3 cases of cracked teeth. In early treatment, the crack was visible, but was not assessed for its range or depth. Additionally, no measures were taken to interfere with crack development. Though the depth of the crack in these cases was within the clinical treatment limit, a good therapeutic effect was still achieved. Nonetheless, early diagnosis and treatment can save the vital pulp of a cracked tooth where positive outcomes would otherwise be difficult [6,7].
Therefore, early intervention for cracked teeth is more likely to produce a better long-term prognosis, which can obviate the need to repair cracks after root canal therapy, as mentioned in the above literature; it can also avoid tooth pain, or the need for tooth extraction after installation of a crown prosthesis. However, if cracked teeth have advanced to developing pulpitis or periapical periodontitis, the prognosis is poorer than if early intervention therapy is pursued. The current consensus amongst researchers is that the early diagnosis of a cracked tooth is the key factor in determining whether the treatment plan is successful and prognosis is positive [8]. As diagnosis and treatment require precise information regarding the location and depth of the crack, it is a long-term problem for endodontists to obtain this information.
In view of the above, most clinical endodontists think that CBCT cannot be used for the auxiliary diagnosis of a cracked tooth. In this study, a simulated artificial tooth-crack model was created to examine whether crack depth affected the ability of PR and CBCT to diagnose tooth cracks. This may provide certain theoretical bases for early treatment plans, and the evaluation of long-term prognosis. 153554b96e
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